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Kw¤úDUvi Avwe®‹…Z n‡qwQj miKvwi Li‡P Ges miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M| 1950-Gi `k‡K hLb Kw¤úDUvi weKvk jvf KiwQj ZLb Gi Li‡Pi kZfvM wQj miKv‡ii| GKB e¨vcvi wQj B›Uvi‡b‡Ui †ÿ‡Î| t B›Uvi‡bU hZÿY †c›UvMb ev b¨vkbvj mv‡qÝ dvD‡Ûk‡bi Aax‡b wQj, ZZÿY Zv wd« e¨envi Kiv †hZ| 1994 mvj ch©š— wej †MU‡mi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv AvMÖn wQj bv, B›Uvi‡bUwelqK m‡¤§j‡b WvKv n‡jI wZwb hvbwb| KviY, wZwb ZZÿY ch©š— Gi g‡a¨ jvfvjv‡fi †Kv‡bv e¨vcvi jÿ K‡ibwb| (Pgw¯‹, www.corporatewatch.com)
†Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM LvZ‡K e¨w³ Lv‡Z †Q‡o †`Iqvi Rb¨ Avš—R©vwZK Pv‡ci K_v Av‡MB e‡jwQ| 1997 mv‡ji †deª“qvwi‡Z wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi m`m¨ 69wU †`‡ki miKvi Zv‡`i †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvMe¨e¯’v‡K †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi GK‡PwUqv gvwjK‡`i Rb¨ Ly‡j †`Iqvi wm×vš— †bq| Gi d‡j c„w_exi †hvMv‡hvM-e¨emvi 90 kZvsk GB D`vixKi‡Yi AvIZvq P‡j Av‡m (gyLvwR©, 2002: 17)| G‡Z AvBweGg, gvB‡µvmdU Ges Ab¨‡`i †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡k Aev‡a AbycÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM wbwðZ nq| GB K_v Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hvMgva¨‡gi Rb¨I mZ¨| fvi‡Z `xN©w`b wfGmGbGj e‡j miKvi-wbqwš¿Z cÖwZôvbB B›Uvi‡bU-†mev w`Z, hw`I wfGmGbG‡ji MÖvnK‡mev fv‡jv bqÑGB Awf‡hvM G‡b ms¯’vwUi DbœwZ bv NwU‡q, e¨w³ Lv‡Zi Rb¨ B›Uvi‡bU‡K Db¥y³ K‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
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1980-Gi `kK ch©š— MYgva¨g¸‡jv mvaviYZ RvZxq gva¨g wn‡m‡eB we`¨gvb wQj| t 1980-Gi `k‡K AvBGgGd, wek¦e¨vsK Ges gvwK©b miKvi †hvMv‡hvMgva¨g¸‡jv‡K miKvwi wbqš¿Ygy³ Kivi Rb¨ Ges e¨w³ Lv‡Z †Q‡o †`Iqvi Rb¨ Pvc w`‡Z _v‡K Ges bZzb m¨v‡UjvBU I wWwRUvj †UK‡bvjwRi Avwef©v‡ei Kvi‡Y eûRvwZK wgwWqv-`vb‡ei D™¢e N‡U (wkjvi, 1997)|
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1990 mv‡j mgvRZ‡š¿i cZ‡bi ci cyuwRev` cÖwZØw›ØZvwenxb gy³ wek¦evRvi nv‡Z †c‡q hvq Ges cyuwR Zvi wbR¯^ wbq‡g evRvi m¤cÖmviY Ki‡Z _v‡K| Z_¨cÖhyw³i e¨vcK cÖmv‡ii Kvi‡Y wek¦vq‡bi cÖwµqv ïi“ n‡q hvq| A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi A‡bKLvwbB Drcv`b LvZ †_‡K †mev Lv‡Zi w`‡K avweZ nq Ges GB †mev Lv‡Zi cÖvq cy‡ivUvB M‡o I‡V Z_¨cÖhyw³i Ici wbf©i K‡i| GB cwieZ©b Qvwc‡q †h ˆewkó¨ eZ©gvb cyuwRev‡`i †ÿ‡Î cÖKU n‡q I‡V, Zv n‡jv g‡bvcwj, GKzBwRkb I gvR©vi| cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wUK‡Z bv †c‡i †QvU †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv eo †Kv¤úvwbi gv‡S jxb n‡q hv‡”Q Ges gvÎ wKQy †Kv¤úvwbi g‡bvcwj Kv‡qg n‡”Q| wKš‘ Ebwesk kZvãxi weï× cyuwRev‡`i mgq AmsL¨ †Kv¤úvwb wQj| †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ c‡Y¨i gvb evov‡bvi †Póv KiZ Ges `vg Kgv‡bvi †Póv KiZ| G‡Z jvf n‡Zv †fv³vi| wKš‘ AwaK gybvdvi Rb¨ I AwbðqZv †_‡K †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv GK‡PwUqv Kviev‡ii w`‡K Szu‡K c‡o| GK‡PwUqvZ¡ `vg‡K co‡Z †`q bv| Gfv‡e c„w_exi evRv‡i 300wU GK‡PwUqv ms¯’vi `L‡j c„w_exi †gvU m¤ú‡`i 25 kZvsk; Giv wbqš¿Y K‡i †gvU wewb‡qvMK…Z we‡`wk cyuwRi 75 kZvsk (gyLvwR©, 2002: 11)| Aek¨ e¨vcviUv‡K g‡bvcwj bv e‡j Awj‡Mvcwj ev K‡qKwU †Kv¤úvwbi GK‡PwUqvZ¡ ej‡Z n‡e| GKzBwRkb I gvR©vi eZ©gvb cyuwRev‡`i Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| Ilya †Kv¤úvwb, BÝy¨‡iÝ I e¨vsK, Z_¨cÖhyw³ I wgwWqv cÖf„wZ bvbv †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ gvR©vi N‡U P‡j‡Q| KL‡bv Ô†evqvjÕ †Kv¤úvwb ÔcyuwUÕ †Kv¤úvwb‡K wM‡j Lv‡”Q; KL‡bv `yB †evqvj Av‡iK e„nr †evqv‡j iƒcvš—wiZ n‡”QÑGI AwaK gybvdvi Rb¨B|
wek¦vqb Kvh©Ki Kivi `vwqZ¡ wb‡q wgwWqv I Z_¨cÖhyw³ †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv wb‡RivB G‡KKwU †gMv Ki‡cv‡ik‡b iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q †M‡Q| Avi Z_¨ hLb A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi Ab¨Zg wfwË n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q ZLb Z_¨gva¨g¸‡jvi igigv Ae¯’vB nIqvi K_v| ZvB eZ©gvb cuywRev‡`i me jÿYB wgwWqv I Z_¨cÖhyw³ †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †`Lv hv‡”Q|
†eb evMwWwKqvb 1983 mv‡j ÔwgwWqv g‡bvcwjÕ bv‡g GKwU eB †j‡Lb| †mLv‡b wZwb fwel¨ØvYx K‡ib †h mvg‡bi w`b¸‡jv‡Z wgwWqv †m±‡i g‡bvcwj Pig AvKvi aviY Ki‡e| Zvi fwel¨ØvYx Aÿ‡i Aÿ‡i d‡jwQj| evMwWwKqv‡bi fvlvq:
1982 mv‡j Avwg hLb Avgvi eB ÔwgwWqv g‡bvcwjÕi Rb¨ M‡elYv mgvß Kwi, ZLb 50wU Ki‡cv‡ikb wgwWqv e¨emvi A‡a©K ev ZviI †ewk wbqš¿Y KiZ| 1986 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i hLb Avwg eBwUi wØZxq ms¯‹iY KiwQ ZLb 50 msL¨vwU K‡g 29-G G‡m `uvovq| hLb 1993 mv‡j †kl ms¯‹iY cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q ZLb GB msL¨vwU 20-G G‡m `uvwo‡q‡Q (evMwWwKqvb, www.yilmazguney.com)|
Avi g¨vK‡PRwb 1999 mv‡j Avgv‡`i Rvbv‡”Qb gvÎ bqwU wgwWqv Rvqv›U wek¦ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv: UvBg Iqvb©vi, wWRwb, ev‡U©jmg¨vb, fvqvKg, wbDR Kc©, mwb, wUwmAvB, BDwbfvm©vj, Gbwewm| wZwb K‡qKwU †Kv¤úvwbi GB wgwWqv-wek¦‡K ej‡Qb ÔG ¯§j Iqvì© Ae weM Kb‡Mvgv‡iUmÕ (g¨vK‡PRwb, 1999L)| Z‡e mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡j GB ZvwjKv AviI †QvU n‡q G‡Kev‡i Q‡q G‡m `uvwo‡q‡Q: wWRwb, wbDR Kc©, ev‡U©jmg¨vb, fvqvKg, wf‡fw›`-BDwbfvm©vj, GIGj-UvBgIqvb©vi (wPÎ 1)|
GK UvBgIqvb©v‡ii 1997 mv‡j †gvU wewµi cwigvY wQj 25 wewjqb Wjvi| 1989 mv‡j UvBg I Iqvb©vi KwgDwb‡Kkb‡mi GK gvR©v‡ii d‡j UvBgIqvb©v‡ii Avwef©ve nq| GB UvBgIqvb©v‡ii m‡½ Avevi 2000 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvb AbjvB‡bi (AOL) Av‡iK gvR©vi BwZnv‡mi me©e„nr gvR©v‡ii †iKW© m„wó K‡i| KviY GIGj BwZg‡a¨B Av‡gwiKvi e„nËg B›Uvi‡bU †Kv¤úvwb wQj, BD‡iv‡cI hvi weivU evRvi wQj| Gw`‡K e„nr nvW©Iq¨vi †Kv¤úvwb †nD‡jU c¨vKv‡W©i m‡½ gvR©vi nq Kgc¨vK-Gi| Gfv‡e wgwWqv I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Lv‡Z gvR©vi Pj‡Z _v‡K| d«v‡Ýi wgwWqv-†Kv¤úvwb wf‡fw›` wK‡b wb‡q‡Q Av‡gwiKvi BDwbfvm©vj‡K| 2007 mv‡j _gmb wK‡b wb‡q‡Q iqUvm©‡K, ¸Mj wK‡b‡Q Wvej wK¬K‡K, Bqvû wK‡b‡Q ivBUwgwWqv‡K| 2009 mv‡ji me©e„nr gvR©vi wQj KgKv÷ I Gbwewm-BDwbfvm©v‡ji| 13.75 wewjqb Wjv‡ii gva¨‡g KgKv÷ 51% gvwjKvbv wbwðZ K‡i‡Q| 2004 †_‡K 2009 mvj ch©š— me‡P‡q †ewk gvR©vi N‡U‡Q 2007 mv‡j (wPÎ 2)| 2007 mv‡j 803wU wgwWqv-gvR©vi N‡U mbvZb I bqv wgwWqv wg‡j, hviv Avw_©K g~j¨ wQj 154 wewjqb Wjvi| cÖ_g †kªYxi wgwWqvi ga¨Kvi gvR©vi g~jZ Av‡gwiKv I BD‡iv‡ci g‡a¨B mxgve× _v‡K| wKš‘ gvSvwi AvKv‡ii wgwWqvi g‡a¨I gvR©vi N‡U P‡j‡Q, hvi we¯—…wZ Av‡gwiKv-BD‡ivc Qvwo‡q Gwkqv ch©š— we¯—…Z|
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Kw¤úDUvi Avwe®‹…Z n‡qwQj miKvwi Li‡P Ges miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M| 1950-Gi `k‡K hLb Kw¤úDUvi weKvk jvf KiwQj ZLb Gi Li‡Pi kZfvM wQj miKv‡ii| GKB e¨vcvi wQj B›Uvi‡b‡Ui †ÿ‡Î| t B›Uvi‡bU hZÿY †c›UvMb ev b¨vkbvj mv‡qÝ dvD‡Ûk‡bi Aax‡b wQj, ZZÿY Zv wd« e¨envi Kiv †hZ| 1994 mvj ch©š— wej †MU‡mi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv AvMÖn wQj bv, B›Uvi‡bUwelqK m‡¤§j‡b WvKv n‡jI wZwb hvbwb| KviY, wZwb ZZÿY ch©š— Gi g‡a¨ jvfvjv‡fi †Kv‡bv e¨vcvi jÿ K‡ibwb| (Pgw¯‹, www.corporatewatch.com)
†Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM LvZ‡K e¨w³ Lv‡Z †Q‡o †`Iqvi Rb¨ Avš—R©vwZK Pv‡ci K_v Av‡MB e‡jwQ| 1997 mv‡ji †deª“qvwi‡Z wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi m`m¨ 69wU †`‡ki miKvi Zv‡`i †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvMe¨e¯’v‡K †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi GK‡PwUqv gvwjK‡`i Rb¨ Ly‡j †`Iqvi wm×vš— †bq| Gi d‡j c„w_exi †hvMv‡hvM-e¨emvi 90 kZvsk GB D`vixKi‡Yi AvIZvq P‡j Av‡m (gyLvwR©, 2002: 17)| G‡Z AvBweGg, gvB‡µvmdU Ges Ab¨‡`i †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡k Aev‡a AbycÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM wbwðZ nq| GB K_v Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hvMgva¨‡gi Rb¨I mZ¨| fvi‡Z `xN©w`b wfGmGbGj e‡j miKvi-wbqwš¿Z cÖwZôvbB B›Uvi‡bU-†mev w`Z, hw`I wfGmGbG‡ji MÖvnK‡mev fv‡jv bqÑGB Awf‡hvM G‡b ms¯’vwUi DbœwZ bv NwU‡q, e¨w³ Lv‡Zi Rb¨ B›Uvi‡bU‡K Db¥y³ K‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
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1980-Gi `kK ch©š— MYgva¨g¸‡jv mvaviYZ RvZxq gva¨g wn‡m‡eB we`¨gvb wQj| t 1980-Gi `k‡K AvBGgGd, wek¦e¨vsK Ges gvwK©b miKvi †hvMv‡hvMgva¨g¸‡jv‡K miKvwi wbqš¿Ygy³ Kivi Rb¨ Ges e¨w³ Lv‡Z †Q‡o †`Iqvi Rb¨ Pvc w`‡Z _v‡K Ges bZzb m¨v‡UjvBU I wWwRUvj †UK‡bvjwRi Avwef©v‡ei Kvi‡Y eûRvwZK wgwWqv-`vb‡ei D™¢e N‡U (wkjvi, 1997)|
G n‡jv `vb‡ei Kvj
1990 mv‡j mgvRZ‡š¿i cZ‡bi ci cyuwRev` cÖwZØw›ØZvwenxb gy³ wek¦evRvi nv‡Z †c‡q hvq Ges cyuwR Zvi wbR¯^ wbq‡g evRvi m¤cÖmviY Ki‡Z _v‡K| Z_¨cÖhyw³i e¨vcK cÖmv‡ii Kvi‡Y wek¦vq‡bi cÖwµqv ïi“ n‡q hvq| A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi A‡bKLvwbB Drcv`b LvZ †_‡K †mev Lv‡Zi w`‡K avweZ nq Ges GB †mev Lv‡Zi cÖvq cy‡ivUvB M‡o I‡V Z_¨cÖhyw³i Ici wbf©i K‡i| GB cwieZ©b Qvwc‡q †h ˆewkó¨ eZ©gvb cyuwRev‡`i †ÿ‡Î cÖKU n‡q I‡V, Zv n‡jv g‡bvcwj, GKzBwRkb I gvR©vi| cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wUK‡Z bv †c‡i †QvU †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv eo †Kv¤úvwbi gv‡S jxb n‡q hv‡”Q Ges gvÎ wKQy †Kv¤úvwbi g‡bvcwj Kv‡qg n‡”Q| wKš‘ Ebwesk kZvãxi weï× cyuwRev‡`i mgq AmsL¨ †Kv¤úvwb wQj| †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ c‡Y¨i gvb evov‡bvi †Póv KiZ Ges `vg Kgv‡bvi †Póv KiZ| G‡Z jvf n‡Zv †fv³vi| wKš‘ AwaK gybvdvi Rb¨ I AwbðqZv †_‡K †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv GK‡PwUqv Kviev‡ii w`‡K Szu‡K c‡o| GK‡PwUqvZ¡ `vg‡K co‡Z †`q bv| Gfv‡e c„w_exi evRv‡i 300wU GK‡PwUqv ms¯’vi `L‡j c„w_exi †gvU m¤ú‡`i 25 kZvsk; Giv wbqš¿Y K‡i †gvU wewb‡qvMK…Z we‡`wk cyuwRi 75 kZvsk (gyLvwR©, 2002: 11)| Aek¨ e¨vcviUv‡K g‡bvcwj bv e‡j Awj‡Mvcwj ev K‡qKwU †Kv¤úvwbi GK‡PwUqvZ¡ ej‡Z n‡e| GKzBwRkb I gvR©vi eZ©gvb cyuwRev‡`i Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| Ilya †Kv¤úvwb, BÝy¨‡iÝ I e¨vsK, Z_¨cÖhyw³ I wgwWqv cÖf„wZ bvbv †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ gvR©vi N‡U P‡j‡Q| KL‡bv Ô†evqvjÕ †Kv¤úvwb ÔcyuwUÕ †Kv¤úvwb‡K wM‡j Lv‡”Q; KL‡bv `yB †evqvj Av‡iK e„nr †evqv‡j iƒcvš—wiZ n‡”QÑGI AwaK gybvdvi Rb¨B|
wek¦vqb Kvh©Ki Kivi `vwqZ¡ wb‡q wgwWqv I Z_¨cÖhyw³ †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv wb‡RivB G‡KKwU †gMv Ki‡cv‡ik‡b iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q †M‡Q| Avi Z_¨ hLb A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi Ab¨Zg wfwË n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q ZLb Z_¨gva¨g¸‡jvi igigv Ae¯’vB nIqvi K_v| ZvB eZ©gvb cuywRev‡`i me jÿYB wgwWqv I Z_¨cÖhyw³ †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †`Lv hv‡”Q|
†eb evMwWwKqvb 1983 mv‡j ÔwgwWqv g‡bvcwjÕ bv‡g GKwU eB †j‡Lb| †mLv‡b wZwb fwel¨ØvYx K‡ib †h mvg‡bi w`b¸‡jv‡Z wgwWqv †m±‡i g‡bvcwj Pig AvKvi aviY Ki‡e| Zvi fwel¨ØvYx Aÿ‡i Aÿ‡i d‡jwQj| evMwWwKqv‡bi fvlvq:
1982 mv‡j Avwg hLb Avgvi eB ÔwgwWqv g‡bvcwjÕi Rb¨ M‡elYv mgvß Kwi, ZLb 50wU Ki‡cv‡ikb wgwWqv e¨emvi A‡a©K ev ZviI †ewk wbqš¿Y KiZ| 1986 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i hLb Avwg eBwUi wØZxq ms¯‹iY KiwQ ZLb 50 msL¨vwU K‡g 29-G G‡m `uvovq| hLb 1993 mv‡j †kl ms¯‹iY cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q ZLb GB msL¨vwU 20-G G‡m `uvwo‡q‡Q (evMwWwKqvb, www.yilmazguney.com)|
Avi g¨vK‡PRwb 1999 mv‡j Avgv‡`i Rvbv‡”Qb gvÎ bqwU wgwWqv Rvqv›U wek¦ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv: UvBg Iqvb©vi, wWRwb, ev‡U©jmg¨vb, fvqvKg, wbDR Kc©, mwb, wUwmAvB, BDwbfvm©vj, Gbwewm| wZwb K‡qKwU †Kv¤úvwbi GB wgwWqv-wek¦‡K ej‡Qb ÔG ¯§j Iqvì© Ae weM Kb‡Mvgv‡iUmÕ (g¨vK‡PRwb, 1999L)| Z‡e mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡j GB ZvwjKv AviI †QvU n‡q G‡Kev‡i Q‡q G‡m `uvwo‡q‡Q: wWRwb, wbDR Kc©, ev‡U©jmg¨vb, fvqvKg, wf‡fw›`-BDwbfvm©vj, GIGj-UvBgIqvb©vi (wPÎ 1)|
GK UvBgIqvb©v‡ii 1997 mv‡j †gvU wewµi cwigvY wQj 25 wewjqb Wjvi| 1989 mv‡j UvBg I Iqvb©vi KwgDwb‡Kkb‡mi GK gvR©v‡ii d‡j UvBgIqvb©v‡ii Avwef©ve nq| GB UvBgIqvb©v‡ii m‡½ Avevi 2000 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvb AbjvB‡bi (AOL) Av‡iK gvR©vi BwZnv‡mi me©e„nr gvR©v‡ii †iKW© m„wó K‡i| KviY GIGj BwZg‡a¨B Av‡gwiKvi e„nËg B›Uvi‡bU †Kv¤úvwb wQj, BD‡iv‡cI hvi weivU evRvi wQj| Gw`‡K e„nr nvW©Iq¨vi †Kv¤úvwb †nD‡jU c¨vKv‡W©i m‡½ gvR©vi nq Kgc¨vK-Gi| Gfv‡e wgwWqv I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Lv‡Z gvR©vi Pj‡Z _v‡K| d«v‡Ýi wgwWqv-†Kv¤úvwb wf‡fw›` wK‡b wb‡q‡Q Av‡gwiKvi BDwbfvm©vj‡K| 2007 mv‡j _gmb wK‡b wb‡q‡Q iqUvm©‡K, ¸Mj wK‡b‡Q Wvej wK¬K‡K, Bqvû wK‡b‡Q ivBUwgwWqv‡K| 2009 mv‡ji me©e„nr gvR©vi wQj KgKv÷ I Gbwewm-BDwbfvm©v‡ji| 13.75 wewjqb Wjv‡ii gva¨‡g KgKv÷ 51% gvwjKvbv wbwðZ K‡i‡Q| 2004 †_‡K 2009 mvj ch©š— me‡P‡q †ewk gvR©vi N‡U‡Q 2007 mv‡j (wPÎ 2)| 2007 mv‡j 803wU wgwWqv-gvR©vi N‡U mbvZb I bqv wgwWqv wg‡j, hviv Avw_©K g~j¨ wQj 154 wewjqb Wjvi| cÖ_g †kªYxi wgwWqvi ga¨Kvi gvR©vi g~jZ Av‡gwiKv I BD‡iv‡ci g‡a¨B mxgve× _v‡K| wKš‘ gvSvwi AvKv‡ii wgwWqvi g‡a¨I gvR©vi N‡U P‡j‡Q, hvi we¯—…wZ Av‡gwiKv-BD‡ivc Qvwo‡q Gwkqv ch©š— we¯—…Z|
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